Acknowledgements

References

Every claim with a numeric threshold or a normative range in this chapter is anchored to one of the sources below. Where I have synthesised material across sources for teaching simplicity, both citations are given.

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Acknowledgements

This chapter synthesises material from peer-reviewed primary sources, the Bárány Society consensus documents, and the standard reference text Jacobson & Shepard, Balance Function Assessment and Management. All wording is original; figures and simulations are derived from the cited models. Concept and editorial responsibility rest with the author named in the footer.