Library

References & acknowledgements

Every clinical claim in the atlas binds to one or more of the sources below. Where a citation appears inline as a [reference key], the full bibliographic entry is here.

Acknowledgements

With gratitude to the authors and editors of the works listed below, whose scholarship makes teaching the subject possible. The atlas is a teaching synthesis, not a substitute for the primary literature. Concept and design: Dr Prahlada N.B, Karnataka ENT Hospital and Research Centre (R), Champions Educational and Medical Society (R), Amogh Foundation, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India.

References

  1. Cevette MJ, Puetz B, Marion MS, Wertz ML, Muenter MD (1995). Aphysiologic performance on dynamic posturography. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 112(6), 676–688. DOI: 10.1016/S0194-5998(95)70175-3. PMID: 7777351.

    Canonical aphysiologic criteria: better performance on harder conditions (C5/C6) than easier ones (C1–C4), with increased intertrial variability.

  2. Ford-Smith CD, Wyman JF, Elswick RK, Fernandez T, Newton RA (1995). Test-retest reliability of the sensory organization test in noninstitutionalized older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 76(1), 77–81. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80047-6. PMID: 7811180.

    Reliability of SOT measures in older adults.

  3. Goebel JA (ed.) (2008). Practical Management of the Dizzy Patient (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.

    Practical clinical context for CDP interpretation.

  4. Interacoustics Academy (2024). Sensory Organization Test (SOT). Interacoustics Academy clinical reference. Link.

    Manufacturer educational resource summarising SOT pattern interpretation. Use for orientation only; primary peer-reviewed sources are preferred for cited claims.

  5. Jacobson GP, Shepard NT (eds.) (2016). Balance Function Assessment and Management (2nd ed.). Plural Publishing, San Diego, CA.

    Standard reference for the full battery of vestibular function tests, including CDP.

  6. Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J, et al. (Bárány Society / IHS Committee) (2022). Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria — consensus document (update). Journal of Vestibular Research, 32(1), 1–6. DOI: 10.3233/VES-201644. PMID: 34719447.

    Updated Bárány Society / IHS consensus on vestibular migraine diagnostic criteria.

  7. Longridge NS, Mallinson AI (2005). Clinical romberg testing does not detect vestibular disease. Otology & Neurotology, 26(4), 803–806. DOI: 10.1097/01.mao.0000178151.44505.1f. PMID: 16015180.

    On prevalence of nonorganic posturography patterns.

  8. Lopez-Escamez JA, Carey J, Chung WH, et al. (Classification Committee of the Bárány Society) (2015). Diagnostic criteria for Ménière's disease. Journal of Vestibular Research, 25(1), 1–7. DOI: 10.3233/VES-150549. PMID: 25882471.

    Bárány Society consensus diagnostic criteria for Ménière's disease.

  9. Monteiro D, et al. (2025). Dynamic postural control in Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: a Computerised Dynamic Posturography study. International Journal of Audiology (in press). PMID: 42048585.

    ANSD shows lower equilibrium scores across all SOT conditions, reduced adaptation in ADT, and diminished MCT amplitude scaling.

  10. Moreno Domínguez F, et al. (2019). Instability in patients with CANVAS: can computerized dynamic posturography help in diagnosis?. International Tinnitus Journal, 22(2), 139–145. PMID: 30647959.

    Misuse of somatosensory information on SOT in a patient with bilateral vestibular deficit should raise suspicion for CANVAS.

  11. Morgan SS, Beck WG, Dobie RA (2002). Can posturography identify informed malingerers?. Otology & Neurotology, 23(2), 214–217. PMID: 11875354.

    Posturography sensitivity for identifying instructed malingerers — informs the limits of pattern-based detection.

  12. Nashner LM, Black FO, Wall C (1982). Adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance: patients with vestibular deficits. Journal of Neuroscience, 2(5), 536–544. PMID: 6978930.

    Seminal paper introducing the sensory organisation paradigm that underlies SOT.

  13. Nashner LM, McCollum G (1985). The organization of human postural movements: a formal basis and experimental synthesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(1), 135–150. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X00020008.

    Foundational framework for ankle and hip postural strategies.

  14. Park MK, Lee DY, Kim YH (2017). Typical sensory organization test findings and clinical implication in acute vestibular neuritis. Auris Nasus Larynx, 45(5), 947–952. DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2017.11.001. PMID: 29258799.

    In 87 acute vestibular-neuritis patients, 70% showed abnormal C5/C6 (vestibular pattern); 36% classical vestibular pattern, 24% visual-vestibular pattern.

  15. Rine RM, Schubert MC, Whitney SL, et al. (2018). Age-based normative data for a computerized dynamic posturography system that uses a virtual visual surround environment. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 138(6), 555–563. DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2018.1429653.

    Age-stratified normative values for SOT/MCT/ADT on the Bertec virtual-visual-surround system.

  16. Shepard NT, Telian SA (1996). Practical Management of the Balance Disorder Patient. Singular Publishing Group, San Diego, CA.

    Classic clinical text on the integration of CDP into balance-disorder management.

  17. Shin JE, Kim CH, Park HJ (2013). Results of caloric and sensory organization testing of dynamic posturography in migrainous vertigo: comparison with Meniere's disease and vestibular neuritis. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 133(11), 1166–1172. DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2013.806592. PMID: 23947606.

    Migrainous vertigo shows abnormal vestibular ratio in 45%, more often than canal paresis; somatosensory ratio more often abnormal than in VN/MD.

  18. Staab JP, Eckhardt-Henn A, Horii A, et al. (Bárány Society) (2017). Diagnostic criteria for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): consensus document. Journal of Vestibular Research, 27(4), 191–208. DOI: 10.3233/VES-170622. PMID: 29036855.

    Bárány Society consensus criteria for PPPD.

  19. Strupp M, Lopez-Escamez JA, Kim JS, Straumann D, Jen JC, Carey J, Bisdorff A, Brandt T (2016). Vestibular paroxysmia: Diagnostic criteria. Consensus document of the Committee for the Classification of Vestibular Disorders of the Bárány Society. Journal of Vestibular Research 26(5-6):409-415. DOI: 10.3233/VES-160589. PMID: 28262641.

    Bárány Society consensus criteria for vestibular paroxysmia: brief recurrent spinning or non-spinning vertigo episodes, attributed to neurovascular cross-compression. Treatment response to carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine is a supportive feature.

  20. Strupp M, Kim JS, Murofushi T, et al. (Bárány Society) (2017). Bilateral vestibulopathy: diagnostic criteria consensus document of the Classification Committee of the Bárány Society. Journal of Vestibular Research, 27(4), 177–189. DOI: 10.3233/VES-170619. PMID: 29036855.

    Bárány Society criteria for bilateral vestibulopathy.

  21. von Brevern M, Bertholon P, Brandt T, et al. (Bárány Society) (2015). Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: diagnostic criteria. Journal of Vestibular Research, 25(3-4), 105–117. DOI: 10.3233/VES-150553. PMID: 26756126.

    Bárány Society diagnostic criteria for BPPV.

  22. Wuyts FL, Furman J, Vanspauwen R, Van de Heyning P (2007). Vestibular function testing. Current Opinion in Neurology, 20(1), 19–24. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3280140808. PMID: 17215685.

    Broad overview of vestibular function testing, including the role of CDP in the differential diagnosis of dizziness.