Resources

References

Peer-reviewed primary literature, diagnostic criteria and guidelines cited throughout the chapter. Every citation was verified against PubMed (NCBI E-utilities) and carries a PMID and DOI; click either to open the source.

  1. Baloh RW
    Clinical practice. Vestibular neuritis.
    New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;348(11):1027–1032.doi:10.1056/NEJMcp021154PMID: 12637613A concise clinical review — presentation, the role of the head-impulse test, and management.
  2. Fishman JM, Burgess C, Waddell A
    Corticosteroids for the treatment of idiopathic acute vestibular dysfunction (vestibular neuritis).
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;(5):CD008607.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008607.pub2PMID: 21563170Systematic review: insufficient evidence that corticosteroids improve long-term symptomatic recovery, despite the caloric-recovery signal.
  3. Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS
    A clinical sign of canal paresis.
    Archives of Neurology. 1988;45(7):737–739.doi:10.1001/archneur.1988.00520310043015PMID: 3390028Description of the bedside head-impulse test — the corrective saccade that marks a peripheral canal deficit.
  4. Hotson JR, Baloh RW
    Acute vestibular syndrome.
    New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;339(10):680–685.doi:10.1056/NEJM199809033391007PMID: 9725927Defines the acute vestibular syndrome and the peripheral-versus-central reasoning at its heart.
  5. Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ, Hsieh YH, Newman-Toker DE
    HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging.
    Stroke. 2009;40(11):3504–3510.doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.551234PMID: 19762709The original HINTS study — a normal head impulse, direction-changing nystagmus or skew (the dangerous pattern) outperformed early DWI for stroke.
  6. McDonnell MN, Hillier SL
    Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction.
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(1):CD005397.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005397.pub4PMID: 25581507Moderate-to-strong evidence that vestibular rehabilitation is safe and effective for unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction.
  7. Strupp M, Zingler VC, Arbusow V, Niklas D, Maag KP, Dieterich M, Bense S, Theil D, Jahn K, Brandt T
    Methylprednisolone, valacyclovir, or the combination for vestibular neuritis.
    New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;351(4):354–361.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa033280PMID: 15269315Randomised trial: methylprednisolone improved peripheral vestibular recovery; valacyclovir conferred no benefit, alone or added to steroid.
  8. Strupp M, Bisdorff A, Furman J, Hornibrook J, Jahn K, Maire R, Newman-Toker D, Magnusson M
    Acute unilateral vestibulopathy/vestibular neuritis: Diagnostic criteria.
    Journal of Vestibular Research. 2022;32(5):389–406.doi:10.3233/VES-220201PMID: 35723133The Bárány Society consensus diagnostic criteria — acute/subacute sustained vertigo, peripheral spontaneous nystagmus, an ipsilesional head-impulse deficit, and exclusion of central signs.
  9. Strupp M, Brandt T
    Vestibular neuritis.
    Seminars in Neurology. 2009;29(5):509–519.doi:10.1055/s-0029-1241040PMID: 19834862Review of mechanism (selective superior-division involvement, presumed viral reactivation), diagnosis and treatment.