Reference

References

Peer-reviewed primary literature, diagnostic criteria and guidelines cited throughout the chapter. DOIs and PMIDs were checked against PubMed and publisher records where they could be verified; where an identifier was uncertain it is omitted rather than guessed.

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    High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack.
    New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;355(6):549–559.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061894PMID: 16899775
  2. Caplan LR
    Posterior circulation ischemia: then, now, and tomorrow (Thomas Willis Lecture 2000).
    Stroke. 2000;31(8):2011–2023.doi:10.1161/01.STR.31.8.2011PMID: 10926972
  3. Dalmau J, Rosenfeld MR
    Paraneoplastic syndromes of the CNS.
    Lancet Neurology. 2008;7(4):327–340.doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70060-7PMID: 18339348
  4. Dobson R, Ramagopalan S, Davis A, Giovannoni G
    Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndromes: a meta-analysis of prevalence, prognosis and effect of latitude.
    Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2013;84(8):909–914.doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-304695PMID: 23431079
  5. Edlow JA, Newman-Toker DE, Savitz SI
    Diagnosis and initial management of cerebellar infarction.
    Lancet Neurology. 2008;7(10):951–964.doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70216-3PMID: 18848314
  6. Edlow JA, Newman-Toker DE
    Using the physical examination to diagnose patients with acute dizziness and vertigo.
    Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2016;50(4):617–628.doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.10.040PMID: 26823141
  7. Filippi M, Bar-Or A, Piehl F, et al.
    Multiple sclerosis.
    Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2018;4(1):43.doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0041-4PMID: 30410033
  8. Frohman EM, Kramer PD, Dewey RB, Kramer L, Frohman TC
    Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo in multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, pathophysiology and therapeutic techniques.
    Multiple Sclerosis Journal. 2003;9(3):250–255.doi:10.1191/1352458503ms901oaPMID: 12814171
  9. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al. (ECASS III)
    Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke.
    New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;359(13):1317–1329.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0804656PMID: 18815396
  10. Hall CD, Herdman SJ, Whitney SL, et al.
    Vestibular rehabilitation for peripheral vestibular hypofunction: an updated clinical practice guideline.
    Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. 2022;46(2):118–177.doi:10.1097/NPT.0000000000000382PMID: 34864777
  11. Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al. (OPERA I and II)
    Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis.
    New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(3):221–234.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1601277PMID: 28002679
  12. Hebert JR, Corboy JR, Manago MM, Schenkman M
    Effects of vestibular rehabilitation on multiple sclerosis–related fatigue and upright postural control: a randomized controlled trial.
    Physical Therapy. 2011;91(8):1166–1183.doi:10.2522/ptj.20100399PMID: 21680771
  13. Johnston SC, Easton JD, Farrant M, et al. (POINT)
    Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA.
    New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;379(3):215–225.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800410PMID: 29766750
  14. Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ, Hsieh YH, Newman-Toker DE
    HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI for diffusion-weighted imaging.
    Stroke. 2009;40(11):3504–3510.doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.551234PMID: 19762709
  15. Kim JS
    Vertigo and dizziness in ischemic stroke.
    Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Vol. 137). 2016:271–292.
  16. Lee H, Sohn SI, Cho YW, et al.
    Cerebellar infarction presenting isolated vertigo: frequency and vascular topographical patterns.
    Neurology. 2006;67(7):1178–1183.doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000238500.02302.b4PMID: 17030749
  17. Lin D, Hegarty JL, Fischbein NJ, Jackler RK
    The prevalence of 'incidental' acoustic neuroma.
    Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery. 2005;131(3):241–244.doi:10.1001/archotol.131.3.241
  18. Newman-Toker DE, Kerber KA, Hsieh YH, et al.
    HINTS outperforms ABCD2 to screen for stroke in acute continuous vertigo and dizziness.
    Academic Emergency Medicine. 2013;20(10):986–996.doi:10.1111/acem.12223PMID: 24127701
  19. Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al. (AFFIRM)
    A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis.
    New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;354(9):899–910.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa044397PMID: 16510744
  20. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al.
    Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update.
    Stroke. 2019;50(12):e344–e418.doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000211PMID: 31662037
  21. Saber Tehrani AS, Kattah JC, Mantokoudis G, et al.
    Small strokes causing severe vertigo: frequency of false-negative MRIs and nonlacunar mechanisms.
    Neurology. 2014;83(2):169–173.doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000573PMID: 24920847
  22. Serra A, Chisari CG, Matta M
    Eye movement abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, modeling, and treatment.
    Frontiers in Neurology. 2018;9:31.doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00031PMID: 29467711
  23. Tao C, Nogueira RG, Zhu Y, et al. (ATTENTION Investigators)
    Trial of endovascular treatment of acute basilar-artery occlusion.
    New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(15):1361–1372.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206317PMID: 36239644
  24. Thebault S, Booth RA, Freedman MS
    Blood neurofilament light chain: the neurologist's troponin?.
    Biomedicines. 2020;8(11):523.doi:10.3390/biomedicines8110523PMID: 33233404
  25. Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al.
    Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria.
    Lancet Neurology. 2018;17(2):162–173.doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30470-2PMID: 29275977
  26. Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al. (CHANCE)
    Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack.
    New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;369(1):11–19.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1215340PMID: 23803136
  27. Wattjes MP, Ciccarelli O, Reich DS, et al.
    2021 MAGNIMS–CMSC–NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis.
    Lancet Neurology. 2021;20(8):653–670.doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00095-8PMID: 34302786