Resources

References

Peer-reviewed primary literature and reviews cited throughout the chapter. Every citation was verified against PubMed (NCBI E-utilities) and carries a PMID (and DOI where available); click either to open the source.

  1. Guinand N, Boselie F, Guyot JP, Kingma H
    Quality of life of patients with bilateral vestibulopathy.
    Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 2012;121(7):471–477.doi:10.1177/000348941212100708PMID: 22844867Quantifies the burden — oscillopsia and imbalance impose a quality-of-life cost comparable to major chronic disease.
  2. Hain TC, Cherchi M, Yacovino DA
    Bilateral vestibular weakness.
    Frontiers in Neurology. 2013;4:160.doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00160PMID: 24133481Practical clinical review of causes, testing and management of bilateral vestibular weakness.
  3. Hall CD, Herdman SJ, Whitney SL, Anson ER, Carender WJ, Hoppes CW, et al.
    Vestibular rehabilitation for peripheral vestibular hypofunction: an updated clinical practice guideline.
    Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. 2022;46(2):118–177.doi:10.1097/NPT.0000000000000382PMID: 34864777Current guideline; supports supervised vestibular rehabilitation and against vestibular-suppressant reliance.
  4. Kim S, Oh YM, Koo JW, Kim JS
    Bilateral vestibulopathy: clinical characteristics and diagnostic criteria.
    Otology & Neurotology. 2011;32(5):812–817.doi:10.1097/MAO.0b013e31821a3b7dPMID: 21646935Early systematic attempt at clinical and laboratory criteria; emphasised the heterogeneity of presentation.
  5. Lucieer F, Vonk P, Guinand N, Stokroos R, Kingma H, van de Berg R
    Bilateral vestibular hypofunction: insights in etiologies, clinical subtypes, and diagnostics.
    Frontiers in Neurology. 2016;7:26.doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00026PMID: 26973594Maps the aetiological landscape and the value of testing across the frequency range (caloric, vHIT, rotational chair).
  6. Perez Fornos A, Guinand N, van de Berg R, Stokroos R, Micera S, Kingma H, Pelizzone M, Guyot JP
    Artificial balance: restoration of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in humans with a prototype vestibular neuroprosthesis.
    Frontiers in Neurology. 2014;5:66.doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00066PMID: 24860542Proof of concept that a vestibular implant can restore a measurable, functionally useful VOR in humans.
  7. Porciuncula F, Johnson CC, Glickman LB
    The effect of vestibular rehabilitation on adults with bilateral vestibular hypofunction: a systematic review.
    Journal of Vestibular Research. 2012;22(5–6):283–298.doi:10.3233/VES-120464PMID: 23142834Evidence that gaze-stabilisation and balance training improve gaze stability, balance and gait in bilateral loss.
  8. Strupp M, Kim JS, Murofushi T, Straumann D, Jen JC, Rosengren SM, Della Santina CC, Kingma H
    Bilateral vestibulopathy: Diagnostic criteria. Consensus document of the Classification Committee of the Bárány Society.
    Journal of Vestibular Research. 2017;27(4):177–189.doi:10.3233/VES-170619PMID: 29081426The defining consensus: chronic bilateral deficit with the quantitative thresholds — caloric, vHIT and rotational-chair.
  9. Szmulewicz DJ, Waterston JA, Halmagyi GM, Mossman S, Chancellor AM, McLean CA, Storey E
    Sensory neuropathy as part of the cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS).
    Neurology. 2011;76(22):1903–1910.doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821d746ePMID: 21624991Defines CANVAS — the triad to look for whenever bilateral vestibulopathy coexists with ataxia and a sensory neuropathy.
  10. van de Berg R, Guinand N, Nguyen TAK, Ranieri M, Cavuscens S, Guyot JP, Stokroos R, Kingma H, Perez-Fornos A
    The vestibular implant: frequency-dependency of the electrically evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex in humans.
    Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 2017;11:1.doi:10.3389/fnsys.2017.00001PMID: 28154528Shows the implant's evoked VOR is frequency-dependent — a step toward physiological restoration.
  11. Ward BK, Agrawal Y, Hoffman HJ, Carey JP, Della Santina CC
    Prevalence and impact of bilateral vestibular hypofunction: results from the 2008 US National Health Interview Survey.
    JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 2013;139(8):803–810.doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2013.3913PMID: 23949355Population estimate of bilateral hypofunction and its strong association with falls and functional disability.
  12. Zingler VC, Cnyrim C, Jahn K, Weintz E, Fernbacher J, Frenzel C, Brandt T, Strupp M
    Causative factors and epidemiology of bilateral vestibulopathy in 255 patients.
    Annals of Neurology. 2007;61(6):524–532.doi:10.1002/ana.21105PMID: 17393465The largest aetiology series: idiopathic in ~25%, ototoxicity and bilateral Ménière's prominent; ~25% remain unexplained.